This is the first book of its kind to address the specific challenges of designing, maintaining, and running a system that can function in both physical and virtual space. It discusses the potential effect of cyber attacks on space systems, as well as how the cybersecurity industry could react to these threats. One of the most rapidly rising military, government, and industry sectors in space. Since everything in today's world resides in or is linked to cyberspace, ensuring that cybersecurity is handled in the burgeoning field of space operations is critical.
You will be introduced to the basic concepts involved in operating space systems that include low earth orbit LEO , geosynchronous orbit GEO , and others. Using the related high-level constraints, threats, and vectors, you will be able to frame a clear picture of the need and challenges of bringing cybersecurity to bear on satellites, space vehicles, and their related systems.
The author, who served in the US Marine Corps for seven years and was initially interested in satellite communications before moving on to cyber operations, is now a seasoned cybersecurity professional who is responsible for executing cybersecurity vision and strategy through a vast portfolio of systems and programs, several of which are based primarily on space.
He brings a realistic, real-world, and temperate approach to securing space vehicles and their systems as a published academic and seasoned professional. This book is aimed at two types of readers: those with a background in space operations and those who work in cybersecurity. It provides the information required to comprehend the particular challenges that space operations face when it comes to cybersecurity.
Stop hackers before they hack you! And with this book, thinking like a bad guy has never been easier. In Hacking For Dummies, expert author Kevin Beaver shares his knowledge on penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, security best practices, and every aspect of ethical hacking that is essential in order to stop a hacker in their tracks.
This book provides an easy insight into the essentials of cybersecurity, even if you have a non-technical background. You may be a business person keen to understand this important subject area or an information security specialist looking to update your knowledge. Technology is no longer a peripheral servant, it shapes our daily lives. Companies that can use technology wisely and well are booming, companies that make bad or no technology choices collapse and disappear.
The cloud, smart devices and the ability to connect almost any object to the internet are an essential landscape to use but are also fraught with new risks and dangers of a magnitude never seen before. This is the second edition of this book with updates and additional content. The experts will tellyou that keeping your network safe from the cyber-wolves howlingafter your assets is complicated, expensive, and best left to them.
But the truth is, anybody with a working knowledge of networks andcomputers can do just about everything necessary to defend theirnetwork against most security threats.
Network Security For Dummies arms you with quick, easy,low-cost solutions to all your network security concerns. LetNetwork Security For Dummies provide you with provenstrategies and techniques for keeping your precious assetssafe. Cybersecurity jobs confines from basic configuration to advanced systems analysis and defense assessment. Cybersecurity: The Beginner's Guide provides thefundamental information you need to understand the basics of the field, identify your place within it, and start your Cybersecurity career.
Cryptography is the most effective way to achieve data securityand is essential to e-commerce activities such as online shopping,stock trading, and banking This invaluable introduction to the basics of encryption coverseverything from the terminology used in the field to specifictechnologies to the pros and cons of different implementations Discusses specific technologies that incorporate cryptographyin their design, such as authentication methods, wirelessencryption, e-commerce, and smart cards Based entirely on real-world issues and situations, thematerial provides instructions for already available technologiesthat readers can put to work immediately Expert author Chey Cobb is retired from the NRO, where she helda Top Secret security clearance, instructed employees of the CIAand NSA on computer security and helped develop the computersecurity policies used by all U.
The real-world guide to defeating hackers and keeping your business secure Many books discuss the technical underpinnings and complex configurations necessary for cybersecurity—but they fail to address the everyday steps that boards, managers, and employees can take to prevent attacks.
The Cybersecurity Playbook is the step-by-step guide to protecting your organization from unknown threats and integrating good security habits into everyday business situations. This book provides clear guidance on how to identify weaknesses, assess possible threats, and implement effective policies.
By demystifying cybersecurity and applying the central concepts to real-world business scenarios, this book will help you: Deploy cybersecurity measures using easy-to-follow methods and proven techniques Develop a practical security plan tailor-made for your specific needs Incorporate vital security practices into your everyday workflow quickly and efficiently The ever-increasing connectivity of modern organizations, and their heavy use of cloud-based solutions present unique challenges: data breaches, malicious software infections, and cyberattacks have become commonplace and costly to organizations worldwide.
The Cybersecurity Playbook is the invaluable guide to identifying security gaps, getting buy-in from the top, promoting effective daily security routines, and safeguarding vital resources. Strong cybersecurity is no longer the sole responsibility of IT departments, but that of every executive, manager, and employee. Fully updated to capture the latest Windows 10 releases through Spring , this is the comprehensive guide to setting up, managing, and securing a successful network.
Inside, nine minibooks cover essential, up-to-date information for networking in systems such as Windows 10 and Linux, as well as best practices for security, mobile and cloud-based networking, and much more. What an amazing world we live in! Almost anything you can imaginecan be researched, compared, admired, studied, and in many cases,bought, with the click of a mouse. The Internet has changed ourlives, putting a world of opportunity before us.
Unfortunately, ithas also put a world of opportunity into the hands of those whosemotives are less than honorable. A firewall, a piece of software orhardware that erects a barrier between your computer and those whomight like to invade it, is one solution. At home,you want to protect your personal information from identity thievesand other shady characters. A solid introduction to the practices, plans, and skills required for developing a smart system architecture Information architecture combines IT skills with business skills in order to align the IT structure of an organization with the mission, goals, and objectives of its business.
This friendly introduction to IT architecture walks you through the myriad issues and complex decisions that many organizations face when setting up IT systems to work in sync with business procedures.
Malware has proven time and again that it is possible to infect even the most heavily secured systems. Thus, it is prudent to assume endpoints are infected and develop the skills necessary to find infected endpoints in the network.
This can be a challenging task, given that a bot may have already avoided traditional malware signatures and may already have root-level access on an infected machine.
To pinpoint infected machines, your focus must shift from malware signatures. Instead, you need to analyze unusual or unknown behaviors that are observed on the network. It must communicate in order to function and must be difficult to find and trace.
These basic requirements create patterns that can be used to identify bot traffic or behaviors that stand out from the normal network traffic — even if the bot is com- pletely new and unknown. Find command-and-control traffic One of the major advantages of a next-generation firewall is its ability to classify potentially complex streams of traffic at the application level. This includes the ability to progressively scan within traffic and peel back protocols running within protocols, until the true underlying application is identified.
The ability to identify complex traffic is crucial to detecting the unique command-and-control traffic of advanced attacks.
For all intents and purposes, a botnet is an application and its unique traffic can be identified by a true next-generation firewall. A next-generation firewall can automate tracking and correlation with intelligent capabilities including. Known malware sites. Recently registered domains. Repeated visits to a newly registered domain are not conclusive, but may be evidence of an infection. IP addresses instead of domain names. IRC traffic.
Chapter 5. To avoid this mistake, it is important to ensure that your policies are up to date and the technology solutions you are considering support a comprehensive secu- rity strategy. Safe Enablement through Smart Policies The purpose of enterprise security policies is to reduce the risk of being infected by advanced threats in the first place. But, as discussed in Chapter 1, even the most secure net- works with the best security policies are inevitably suscepti- ble to malware and attacks.
Likewise, you have to assume that your network will eventually be breached, no matter how well designed your policies are, and plan accordingly. Chapters 3 and 4 cover techniques for detecting and stopping breaches. Your security policy must help your organization control malware and reduce risks, while also meeting your business requirements. Adoption of new appli- cations in organizations tends to start from the users them- selves, not from policies.
But once these applications become integrated into business processes and workflows, rooting them out can be difficult if not impossible to do — even with executive support. For example, in a heavily regulated environment such as stock trading, the use of instant messaging may be subject to reten- tion and auditability rules. In this example, that policy could prevent the traders from using Facebook and MSN chat for instant messaging, but enable an internal chat server instead.
Governance and management work best if they are based on a set of smart corporate policies that are developed by the four major stakeholders in the enterprise network landscape: IT, HR, executive management, and the users. Neither can IT be lax about its role as the enabler and governor of applications and technology.
Application controls Enablement is about knowing and understanding users and their behaviors, and applications and their associated risks. In the case of popular applications such as social media , the users have long since decided on the benefits — and are, far too often, oblivious to the threats and risks.
Enabling Facebook usage while protecting the business Facebook is rapidly extending its Organizations should follow a sys- influence from the personal world to tematic process to develop, enable, the corporate world, since employ- and enforce appropriate Facebook ees now use these applications to usage policies while simultaneously get their jobs done.
At the same protecting network resources. The end result that IT determine which social is that Facebook can help organiza- networking applications are tions improve their bottom line. By meeting with the busi- lenges to organizations.
Many orga- ness groups and discussing the nizations are unaware of how heavily common company goals, IT can Facebook is being used, or for what use this step to move away from purpose.
Finally, users enabler. Once Facebook usage introduces significant security risks. Blindly blocking language. Educating users on Facebook usage is also an inappro- the security risks associated priate response because it may play with Facebook is another impor- an important role in the business and tant element to consider when may force users to find alternative encouraging usage for business means of accessing it such as prox- purposes.
Documenting and enforcing a social 3. Use technology to monitor and networking usage policy can help enforce policy. The outcome of organizations improve their bottom each of these policy discussions line while boosting employee morale. Application enablement typically includes restricting the use of unneeded high-risk applications while managing allowed applications to reduce the inherent risks they may bring with them.
Establishing effective policies requires open dialogue among users, IT, and management to truly understand which applications have legitimate business uses and value. Certain applications are known to be conduits for malware, both in terms of infection and ongoing command and control. Peer-to- peer applications, such as BitTorrent, are iconic examples. On the other hand, many applications are not definitively good or bad black or white , and will instead land in a gray area of enterprise security policy.
These applications may have business value but can also carry considerable risk. Safe enablement should be the goal for these applications. In this case, applications can be allowed but constrained to only allow needed features while blocking higher risk features.
For example, an enterprise may enable a web meeting application, but not allow the remote desktop capability that could allow a remote attacker to take control of a machine. Enabling poli- cies could also limit certain applications or features to spe- cific approved users, or could scan the application to ensure that no unapproved files or content is being transferred.
The ultimate goal is to attack the risk in the application, not the application itself. Chapter 5: Creating Advanced Threat Protection Policies 51 Application controls should be part of the overarching corpo- rate security policy.
As part of the process of implementing an application control policy, IT should make a concerted effort to learn about new and evolving Web 2. This includes embracing them for all their intended purposes and, if needed, proactively installing them or enabling them in a lab environment to see how they act. Peer discussions, message boards, blogs, and developer communities are also valuable sources of information.
User controls Most companies have some type of application usage policy, outlining which applications are allowed and which are pro- hibited. Every employee is expected to understand the con- tents of this application usage policy and the ramifications of not complying with it, but there are a number of unanswered questions, including. What constitutes a policy violation?
The development of policy guidelines is often a challenging and polarizing process. Determining what should be allowed and what should be prohibited while balancing risk and reward elicits strong opinions from all the major stakeholders. Further complicating the process is the fact that new applica- tions and technologies are often adopted within an organiza- tion long before appropriate policies governing their safe and appropriate use are ever considered or developed.
Documented employee policies need to be a key piece of the application control puzzle, but employee controls as a stand-alone mechanism will remain largely ineffective for safe enablement of new and evolving applications. Network controls Given that advanced threats most often use the network for infection and ongoing command and control, the net- work is an obvious and critical policy-enforcement point.
With application-enablement policies in place, IT can shift its attention to inspecting the content of allowed traffic.
This inspection often includes looking at traffic for known malware, command-and-control patterns, exploits, danger- ous URLs, and dangerous or risky file types. When possible, policies that focus on the content of traffic should be coordi- nated as part of a single unified policy, where the rules and the results of those rules can all be seen in context.
If con- tent policies are spread across multiple solutions, modules, or monitors, piecing together a coordinated logical enforce- ment policy becomes increasingly difficult for IT security staff. Understanding whether these policies are working once they are implemented will likewise be difficult. Another key component of network policies is the absolute need to retain visibility into the traffic content.
SSL is increas- ingly used to secure traffic destined for the Internet. Although this may provide privacy for that particular session, if IT lacks the ability to look inside the SSL tunnel, SSL can also provide an opaque tunnel within which malware can be intro- duced into the network environment. IT must balance the need to look within SSL against both privacy requirements for end-users and the overall performance requirements of the network. For this reason, it is important to establish SSL decryption policies that can be enforced selectively by appli- cation and URL category.
For example, social media traffic could be decrypted and inspected for malware, while traffic to financial or healthcare sites is left encrypted. Endpoint policies must incorporate ways of ensuring that antivirus and various host-based security solutions are properly installed and up to date. Although targeted attacks are becoming more common, the majority of threats today continue to be known threats with known signatures. Gartner, Inc. As such, these endpoint solutions must be kept up to date and must be audited regularly.
Similarly, you need to have a method for validating that host operating systems are patched and up to date. Many malware infections begin with a remote exploit that targets a known vulnerability in the operating system or application. Thus, keeping these components up to date is a critical aspect of reducing the attack surface of the enterprise. As with employee policies, desktop controls are a key piece to the safe enablement of applications in the enterprise.
Desktop controls present IT departments with significant challenges. Careful consideration should be applied to the granularity of the desktop controls and the impact on employee productiv- ity. The drastic step of desktop lockdown to keep users from installing their own applications is a task that is easier said than done and, if used alone, will be ineffective. Desktop controls can complement documented employee policies as a means to safely enable Web 2.
Addressing Mobile and Remote Users That the modern enterprise has and continues to become far more distributed than in the past is no secret. Users simply expect to be able to connect and work from any location, whether at an airport, a coffee shop, a hotel room, or at home.
This change means that more and more workers and data may be beyond the physical perimeter of the enterprise, and thus also beyond the protections of traditional perimeter security solutions. Building consistency into the architecture of the network requires careful planning and is a must for any security policy to address the realities of modern computing. Similarly, security policies must address the use of endpoint devices other than standard corporate-issued equipment.
Users working from home may use their own personal com- puters, which are increasingly as likely to be running Apple OSX as they are to be running Windows. Other devices used to remotely connect to enterprise networks include smart- phones, tablets, and iOS devices, such as iPhones and iPads. Mobile malware is still in its infancy, but it does exist and is likely to become a major threat in the near future. As mobile devices grow more powerful, they will increasingly be used as a replacement for the PC, storing vast amounts of personal — and valuable — data that is largely unprotected.
Chapter 6. I n this chapter, I recommend ten best practices to control advanced attacks and APTs. These recommendations are not intended to replace, but rather to supplement, the existing security strategies of your organization, as part of a modern coordinated approach to defense in depth. Advanced threats are specifically designed to evade legacy port-based firewalls that allow or block traffic based on known TCP and UDP ports.
Ensure visibility into all traffic on the enterprise network by:. Accurately classifying all traffic. Extending visibility beyond the perimeter. Protect high-value targets such as domain controllers and e-mail and database servers, with logical network segmenta- tion when practical and special security policies that identify suspicious activity such as excessive nmap lookups and database queries.
Deliver the same level of application control, threat prevention, and policy enforcement for remote users and mobile devices outside the network perimeter as for those inside. Restrict High-Risk Applications The number and diversity of applications in the enterprise has exploded, and almost all of them can introduce some level of risk. Although some of these applications may have legitimate use cases, their presence within an enterprise network can introduce a great deal of unnecessary risk into the network.
Most applications are designed for easy use, easy sharing, and easy interaction. Security is almost always an afterthought, and it is up to IT security teams to control these risks. Consumerization occurs as users increasingly find personal technology and applications that are more powerful or capable, more convenient, less expensive, quicker to install, and easier to use than corporate IT solutions. According to Gartner, Inc.
Organizations should control the risk introduced by applications by restricting the use of high-risk applications. Selectively Decrypt and Inspect SSL Traffic Recent analysis of live enterprise networks shows that the reach of SSL is exploding, with roughly 20 to 30 percent of total enterprise bandwidth being consumed by applications that can run SSL see Figure While SSL certainly provides security for the individual ses- sion, it can also create a problem for enterprise security by obscuring the traffic from network security solutions such as intrusion prevention systems IPS , anti-malware, and data loss prevention DLP solutions.
To make matters worse, the. IT and security teams should implement best practices and policies to selectively identify, decrypt, and inspect high-risk SSL traffic while maintaining an appropriate balance of perfor- mance. Enterprises need to control SSL traffic with:. Sandbox Unknown Files Advanced attackers are increasingly turning to customized mal- ware and zero-day exploits targeted at a particular enterprise network or a specific host.
This strategy makes the threats extremely unique and almost certainly enables them to pass through security measures without triggering known signa- tures. This trend highlights one of the limitations in traditional anti-malware security that has existed for years: Signatures can only protect against threats that have been previously detected and analyzed.
To address this vulnerability, enterprises should supplement their signature-based tools with direct analysis of unknown files for malicious behaviors. Active analysis is typically. Chapter 6: Ten Best Practices for Controlling APTs 59 done by placing the unknown file in a virtual environment to observe how it would behave in a vulnerable environ- ment. This approach can expose some of the tell-tale signs of advanced threats — such as altering operating system files, making changes to registry settings, or injecting themselves into other running processes — and provides IT security teams with a method for definitively identifying malware even when it is not recognized by signature-based anti-malware solutions.
However, some sites are clearly more dangerous than others, and a strong URL filtering solution should be able to keep track of sites that have been known to deliver threats. This approach, much like anti-malware and intrusion prevention signature-based solutions, requires constant diligence by the security vendor to keep updated.
IT security teams need to challenge their vendors to ensure that URL lists are properly maintained and automatically updated. In addition to known bad sites and URLs, extra caution should be exercised with any recently registered or unclassified domains. Attackers and their threats move quickly between such new sites in order to avoid detection and to cover their tracks.
IT security teams must be able to update URL classifications based on malware and exploits that may have been identified through sandboxing. An important benefit of a sandbox is the ability to see how and where the threat came from — and. This will allow security teams to immediately update the lists of dangerous URLs, based on actual threats observed in the network.
Enforce Drive-by-Download Protection Infection via drive-by-downloads has become a very common method for malware and exploit delivery. Enterprises must enforce drive-by-download protection to prevent infections by:. Malware and exploit kits are increasingly popular and have supercharged the malware economy. IT organizations commonly disable many known vulnerabil- ity signatures and features such as real-time vulnerability scanning in intrusion prevention systems or anti-malware software for performance reasons.
The single unified threat engine in a true next-generation firewall is designed to pro- cess high volumes of network traffic in real-time to detect all threats, without sacrificing performance or reliability. Limit Traffic for Common Applications to Default Ports Certain ports practically have to be open on a firewall for an enterprise network to function.
Attackers take advantage of this requirement with malware that regularly communicates on ports that are almost always open by default.
Legacy port-based firewalls simply allow traffic across an open port and assume that it is the default application or pro- tocol for that port. A next-generation firewall compares the traffic to application signatures in order to accurately identify the application or protocol, and allows you to set policies that permit only the default application on a common port and block everything else. Evaluate Network and Application Events in Context It is important to understand that application signatures, network behaviors, and malware sources are all interre- lated, and need to be correlated and evaluated in context.
Investigate Unknowns A true next-generation firewall accurately classifies all known traffic and allows you to create customized classifications for any remaining unknowns, such as internal or custom- developed applications. Unknown traffic should be tracked and investigated to find potential malware or other unidentified threats on the enterprise network. In addition to unknown traffic, you should investigate. Unknown or unclassified URLs.
Unknown traffic going to unknown URL cat- egories should be treated as highly suspicious. Unknown encryption. Use the capabilities of a true next-generation firewall to inspect encrypted traffic and to ensure that all traffic on the net- work has a known, legitimate purpose. Glossary adware: Pop-up advertising programs that are commonly installed with freeware or shareware. An Internet-borne attack usually perpetrated by a group of individuals with significant resources, such as organized crime or a rogue nation-state.
BitTorrent: A P2P file-sharing communications protocol that distributes large amounts of data widely without the origi- nal distributor incurring the costs of hardware, hosting, and bandwidth resources. DDoS: Distributed denial-of-service is a large-scale attack that typically uses bots in a botnet to crash a targeted network or server.
Broadly includes viruses, worms, Trojan horses, logic bombs, rootkits, bootkits, backdoors, spyware, and adware. Next-generation firewall NGFW : A firewall beyond tradi- tional port-based controls that enforces policy based on appli- cation, user, and content regardless of port or protocol.
Nmap: Network mapper is a security scanner used to discover network hosts and services. For example, a spear phishing e-mail may spoof an organization or individual that the recipient actually knows. SSH: Secure Shell is a set of standards and an associated net- work protocol that establishes a secure channel between a local and a remote computer.
Glossary 65 SSL: Secure Sockets Layer is a transport layer protocol that provides session-based encryption and authentication for secure communication between clients and servers. About Palo Alto Networks Palo Alto Networks is leading a new era in cybersecurity by protecting thousands of enterprise, government, and service provider networks from cyber threats.
Restore positive control of your network applications and keep ing Eve ry thing Easier! Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Uploaded by Egg Bread. Did you find this document useful?
Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. For Later. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Bruno a. Jordan S. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Find out more at www. More and more attacks are increasingly coming to fruition, producing a steady stream of high-profile, sophisticated breaches and intrusions, including Comodo business partners.
Figure The advanced threat shell game. Some key observations and opportunities to consider include Communication is the life-blood of an attack. Chapter 2: The Role of Malware in APTs 19 Aurora: A real-world example Aurora is one recent example of a Adobe Systems, Juniper Networks, targeted attack that, although consid- and Rackspace, began in early ered relatively unsophisticated, none- and apparently originated in China.
Figure A distributed command-and-control infrastructure. Chapter 3: Why Traditional Security Solutions Fail to Control APTs 29 Signature Avoidance The traditional approach to detecting and blocking malware is based on the simple notion of collecting samples of malware and then writing a signature for that sample. Chapter 4: What Next-Generation Security Brings to the Fight 37 Preventing Infection with Next-Generation Firewalls One of the most important steps that an enterprise can take to control advanced malware is to reduce attack vectors and eliminate the ability for bots to hide in the network.
Chapter 5: Creating Advanced Threat Protection Policies 49 Enabling Facebook usage while protecting the business Facebook is rapidly extending its Organizations should follow a sys- influence from the personal world to tematic process to develop, enable, the corporate world, since employ- and enforce appropriate Facebook ees now use these applications to usage policies while simultaneously get their jobs done. Ensure visibility into all traffic on the enterprise network by: Accurately classifying all traffic.
Figure Number of applications using SSL, by subcategory. In addition to unknown traffic, you should investigate Unknown or unclassified URLs. PCAP: Packet capture. Nitish Gupta. Download your Free Cybersecurity for Dummies eBook now.
We make it simple and easy for you to share with all your employees You can easily share Cybersecurity for Dummies with your colleagues and employees upon downloading the eBook. Cybersecurity for Dummies is the ideal awareness and education tool we are sending to all our employees via email. It highlights the latest threats and gives a simple summary of how to protect yourself and your company. Security Policies Template for Privileged Passwords. Download the Free Word Template.
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